College Physics Pearson VitalSource eText (2e)

Detailed Contents

Preface to the Instructor iv
Studying for and Taking the MCAT Exam x
Preface to the Student xiv
Real-World Applications xvi

PART I Force and Motion
OVERVIEW Why Things Change 1
CHAPTER 1 Representing Motion 2
1.1 Motion: A First Look 3
1.2 Position and Time: Putting Numbers on Nature 6
1.3 Velocity 9
1.4 A Sense of Scale: Significant Figures, Scientific Notation, and Units 11
1.5 Vectors and Motion: A First Look 17
1.6 Where Do We Go From Here? 22
SUMMARY 24
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 25
CHAPTER 2 Motion in One Dimension 30
2.1 Describing Motion 31
2.2 Uniform Motion 36
2.3 Instantaneous Velocity 39
2.4 Acceleration 42
2.5 Motion with Constant Acceleration 44
2.6 Solving One-Dimensional Motion Problems 48
2.7 Free Fall 52
SUMMARY 58
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 59

CHAPTER 3 Vectors and Motion in Two Dimensions 67
3.1 Using Vectors 68
3.2 Using Vectors on Motion Diagrams 71
3.3 Coordinate Systems and Vector Components 74
3.4 Motion on a Ramp 79
3.5 Relative Motion 82
3.6 Motion in Two Dimensions: Projectile Motion 84
3.7 Projectile Motion: Solving Problems 86
3.8 Motion in Two Dimensions: Circular Motion 89
SUMMARY 94
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 95

CHAPTER 4 Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion 102
4.1 What Causes Motion? 103
4.2 Force 104
4.3 A Short Catalog of Forces 107
4.4 Identifying Forces 111
4.5 What Do Forces Do? 113
4.6 Newton’s Second Law 115
4.7 Free-Body Diagrams 118
4.8 Newton’s Third Law 120
SUMMARY 124
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 125

CHAPTER 5 Applying Newton’s Laws 131
5.1 Equilibrium 132
5.2 Dynamics and Newton’s Second Law 135
5.3 Mass and Weight 138
5.4 Normal Forces 142
5.5 Friction 143
5.6 Drag 148
5.7 Interacting Objects 150
5.8 Ropes and Pulleys 153
SUMMARY 158
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 159

CHAPTER 6 Circular Motion, Orbits, and Gravity 166
6.1 Uniform Circular Motion 167
6.2 Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion 171
6.3 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion 173
6.4 Apparent Forces in Circular Motion 179
6.5 Circular Orbits and Weightlessness 182
6.6 Newton’s Law of Gravity 185
6.7 Gravity and Orbits 189
SUMMARY 193
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 194

CHAPTER 7 Rotational Motion 200
7.1 The Rotation of a Rigid Body 201
7.2 Torque 204
7.3 Gravitational Torque and the Center of Gravity 209
7.4 Rotational Dynamics and Moment of Inertia 213
7.5 Using Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 217
7.6 Rolling Motion 220
SUMMARY 224
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 225

CHAPTER 8 Equilibrium and Elasticity 232
8.1 Torque and Static Equilibrium 233
8.2 Stability and Balance 237
8.3 Springs and Hooke’s Law 239
8.4 Stretching and Compressing Materials 242
SUMMARY 247
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 248

PART I SUMMARY Force and Motion 254
ONE STEP BEYOND Dark Matter and the Structure of the Universe 255
PART I PROBLEMS 256

PART II Conservation Laws
OVERVIEW Why Some Things Stay the Same 259
CHAPTER 9 Momentum 260
9.1 Impulse 261
9.2 Momentum and the Impulse Momentum Theorem 262
9.3 Solving Impulse and Momentum Problems 266
9.4 Conservation of Momentum 268
9.5 Inelastic Collisions 274
9.6 Momentum and Collisions in Two Dimensions 275
9.7 Angular Momentum 276
SUMMARY 281
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 282

CHAPTER 10 Energy and Work 289
10.1 The Basic Energy Model 290
10.2 Work 294
10.3 Kinetic Energy 298
10.4 Potential Energy 301
10.5 Thermal Energy 304
10.6 Using the Law of Conservation of Energy 306
10.7 Energy in Collisions 309
10.8 Power 312
SUMMARY 315
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 316

CHAPTER 11 Using Energy 322
11.1 Transforming Energy 323
11.2 Energy in the Body: Energy Inputs 326
11.3 Energy in the Body: Energy Outputs 327
11.4 Thermal Energy and Temperature 331
11.5 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics 334
11.6 Heat Engines 338
11.7 Heat Pumps 341
11.8 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 343
11.9 Systems, Energy, and Entropy 346
SUMMARY 349
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 350

PART II SUMMARY Conservation Laws 356
ONE STEP BEYOND Order Out of Chaos 357
PART II PROBLEMS 358

PART III Properties of Matter
OVERVIEW Beyond the Particle Model 361
CHAPTER 12 Thermal Properties of Matter 362
12.1 The Atomic Model of Matter 363
12.2 The Atomic Model of an Ideal Gas 365
12.3 Ideal-Gases Processes 371
12.4 Thermal Expansion 378
12.5 Specific Heat and Heat of Transformation 381
12.6 Calorimetry 385
12.7 Thermal Properties of Gases 387
12.8 Heat Transfer 390
SUMMARY 396
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 397

CHAPTER 13 Fluids 405
13.1 Fluids and Density 406
13.2 Pressure 407
13.3 Measuring and Using Pressure 411
13.4 Buoyancy 415
13.5 Fluids in Motion 419
13.6 Fluid Dynamics 422
13.7 Viscosity and Poiseuille’s Equation 427
SUMMARY 431
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 432

PART III SUMMARY Properties of Matter 438
ONE STEP BEYOND Size and Life 439
PART III PROBLEMS 440

PART IV Oscillations and Waves
OVERVIEW Motion That Repeats Again and Again 443
CHAPTER 14 Oscillations 444
14.1 Equilibrium and Oscillation 445
14.2 Linear Restoring Forces and Simple Harmonic Motion 447
14.3 Describing Simple Harmonic Motion 449
14.4 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 455
14.5 Pendulum Motion 460
14.6 Damped Oscillations 463
14.7 Driven Oscillations and Resonance 465
SUMMARY 469
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 470

CHAPTER 15 Traveling Waves and Sound 477
15.1 The Wave Model 478
15.2 Traveling Waves 479
15.3 Graphical and Mathematical Descriptions of Waves 483
15.4 Sound and Light Waves 487
15.5 Energy and Intensity 490
15.6 Loudness of Sound 492
15.7 The Doppler Effect and Shock Waves 495
SUMMARY 500
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 501

CHAPTER 16 Superposition and Standing Waves 507
16.1 The Principle of Superposition 508
16.2 Standing Waves 509
16.3 Standing Waves on a String 511
16.4 Standing Sound Waves 516
16.5 Speech and Hearing 520
16.6 The Interference of Waves from Two Sources 523
16.7 Beats 527
SUMMARY 530
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 531

PART IV SUMMARY Oscillations and Waves 538
ONE STEP BEYOND Waves in the Earth and the Ocean 539
PART IV PROBLEMS 540

PART V Optics
OVERVIEW Light is a Wave 543
CHAPTER 17 Wave Optics 544
17.1 What Is Light? 545
17.2 The Interference of Light 548
17.3 The Diffraction Grating 553
17.4 Thin-Film Interference 556
17.5 Single-Slit Diffraction 560
17.6 Circular-Aperture Diffraction 564
SUMMARY 567
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 568

CHAPTER 18 Ray Optics 574
18.1 The Ray Model of Light 575
18.2 Reflection 578
18.3 Refraction 581
18.4 Image Formation by Refraction 586
18.5 Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing 587
18.6 Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors 593
18.7 The Thin-Lens Equation 597
SUMMARY 602
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 603

CHAPTER 19 Optical Instruments 609
19.1 The Camera 610
19.2 The Human Eye 613
19.3 The Magnifier 616
19.4 The Microscope 618
19.5 The Telescope 620
19.6 Color and Dispersion 622
19.7 Resolution of Optical Instruments 624
SUMMARY 630
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 631

PART V SUMMARY Optics 636
ONE STEP BEYOND Scanning Confocal Microscopy 637
PART V PROBLEMS 638

PART VI Electricity and Magnetism
OVERVIEW Charges, Currents, and Fields 641
CHAPTER 20 Electric Fields and Forces 642
20.1 Charges and Forces 643
20.2 Charges, Atoms, and Molecules 649
20.3 Coulomb’s Law 651
20.4 The Concept of the Electric Field 655
20.5 Applications of the Electric Field 658
20.6 Conductors and Electric Fields 662
20.7 Forces and Torques in Electric Fields 663
SUMMARY 667
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 668

CHAPTER 21 Electric Potential 675
21.1 Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential 676
21.2 Sources of Electric Potential 678
21.3 Electric Potential and Conservation of Energy 680
21.4 Calculating The Electric Potential 684
21.5 Connecting Potential and Field 691
21.6 The Electrocardiogram 694
21.7 Capacitance and Capacitors 695
21.8 Dielectrics and Capacitors 698
21.9 Energy and Capacitors 699
SUMMARY 703
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 704

CHAPTER 22 Current and Resistance 712
22.1 A Model of Current 713
22.2 Defining and Describing Current 715
22.3 Batteries and emf 717
22.4 Connecting Potential and Current 720
22.5 Ohm’s Law and Resistor Circuits 724
22.6 Energy and Power 727
SUMMARY 732
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 733

CHAPTER 23 Circuits 739
23.1 Circuit Elements and Diagrams 740
23.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws 741
23.3 Series and Parallel Circuits 743
23.4 Measuring Voltage and Current 748
23.5 More Complex Circuits 750
23.6 Capacitors in Parallel and Series 752
23.7 Circuits 755
23.8 Electricity in the Nervous System 757
SUMMARY 766
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 767

CHAPTER 24 Magnetic Fields and Forces 776
24.1 Magnetism 777
24.2 The Magnetic Field 778
24.3 Electric Currents Also Create Magnetic Fields 782
24.4 Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current 785
24.5 Magnetic Fields Exert Forces on Moving Charges 789
24.6 Magnetic Fields Exert Forces on Currents 795
24.7 Magnetic Fields Exert Torques on Dipoles 799
24.8 Magnets and Magnetic Materials 803
SUMMARY 806
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 807

CHAPTER 25 Electromagnetic Induction and Electromagnetic Waves 816
25.1 Induced Currents 817
25.2 Motional emf 818
25.3 Magnetic Flux 821
25.4 Faraday’s Law 825
25.5 Induced Fields and Electromagnetic Waves 829
25.6 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 831
25.7 The Photon Model of Electromagnetic Waves 835
25.8 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 836
SUMMARY 843
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 844

CHAPTER 26 AC Electricity 852
26.1 Alternating Current 853
26.2 AC Electricity and Transformers 855
26.3 Household Electricity 859
26.4 Biological Effects and Electrical Safety 861
26.5 Capacitor Circuits 863
26.6 Inductors and Inductor Circuits 865
26.7 Oscillation Circuits 867
SUMMARY 873
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 874

PART VI SUMMARY Electricity and Magnetism 880
ONE STEP BEYOND The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 881
PART VI PROBLEMS 882

PART VII Modern Physics
OVERVIEW New Ways of Looking at the World 885
CHAPTER 27 Relativity 886
27.1 Relativity: What’s It All About? 887
27.2 Galilean Relativity 887
27.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity 891
27.4 Events and Measurements 894
27.5 The Relativity of Simultaneity 897
27.6 Time Dilation 899
27.7 Length Contraction 904
27.8 Velocities of Objects in Special Relativity 906
27.9 Relativistic Momentum 908
27.10 Relativistic Energy 910
SUMMARY 915
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 916

CHAPTER 28 Quantum Physics 922
28.1 X Rays and X-Ray Diffraction 923
28.2 The Photoelectric Effect 925
28.3 Photons 931
28.4 Matter Waves 933
28.5 Energy Is Quantized 936
28.6 Energy Levels and Quantum Jumps 939
28.7 The Uncertainty Principle 940
28.8 Applications and Implications of Quantum Theory 943
SUMMARY 946
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 947

CHAPTER 29 Atoms and Molecules 954
29.1 Spectroscopy 955
29.2 Atoms 957
29.3 Bohr’s Model of Atomic Quantization 960
29.4 The Bohr Hydrogen Atom 963
29.5 The Quantum-Mechanical Hydrogen Atom 969
29.6 Multielectron Atoms 971
29.7 Excited States and Spectra 974
29.8 Molecules 978
29.9 Stimulated Emission and Lasers 980
SUMMARY 984
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 985

CHAPTER 30 Nuclear Physics 991
30.1 Nuclear Structure 992
30.2 Nuclear Stability 994
30.3 Forces and Energy in the Nucleus 997
30.4 Radiation and Radioactivity 999
30.5 Nuclear Decay and Half-Lives 1003
30.6 Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics 1007
30.7 The Ultimate Building Blocks of Matter 1011
SUMMARY 1016
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1017

PART VII SUMMARY Modern Physics 1023
ONE STEP BEYOND The Physics of Very Cold Atoms 1024
PART VII PROBLEMS 1025

Appendix A Mathematics Review A-1
Appendix B Periodic Table of the Elements A-3
Appendix C ActivPhysics OnLine Activities A-4
Appendix D Atomic and Nuclear Data A-5
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-9
Credits C-1
Index I-1